We pulled a wooden block across 5 different sufaces the table top, waxed paper, paper towel, fine sandpaper. and coarse sand paper. The first data we got for lesson 6 is .5 for the table top, .9 for the waxed paper, .6 for the paper towel, 1.6 for the fine sandpaper, and 1.9 for the coarse sandpaper.Then we repeated this but now we did it on the block's side. The last data we got was .5 for the table top, for the waxed paper .5, 1 for the paper towel, the fine sandpaper 2, and 2.5 for the coarce sandpaper. The way that friction slows things down is that if there is more surface area on the odject that's sliding has the more friction it has. Because of friction objects that are not moving don't go anywhere.        

2

A: Yes, because when we put it in the cuSO₂the light bulb lit.

B: A battery is made of Cu and Zn and CuSO₂.

C: It made the light bulb light up.

D: It stayed on for awhile. When we put the Zn and Cu in the CuSO₂the light bulb lit.

E: Maybe if you had more Cu and Zn.

3

A: The way that it's different is because after we charged it the battery worked.

B: When we connected it to the light bulb after we charged it the electrical energy was going to the light bulb and it was made into light energy.

C: The light bulb stayed on intil the battery died because we use up all the energy. The energy turned into light and heat energy.

D: The dimed after 15 mins.

E: The motor didn't lastas long as the light bulb did.

F: The motor because it didn't last very long.

G: A battery is a energy source that stores energy power so it can make things work. They need Eletrodes and Electyets.

4 

A: It's better becase then it's a mor acreate number.

B: It tells you that it will stay on more the longer you charge it.

C: We used the 120 seconds charge and 240 seconds charge to make my prediction

D: I was very close on my prediction because I said it would stay on for 80 seconds and it stayed on for 75 seconds.

E: Then you can see how much it went up from the last number.

F: YEs because it stayed on longer the  more I charged it.

To keep the nitrates out of the water so fish don't die early farmers can try to keep the nitrates from getting in the water or they don't buy fertilizer. another thing is that if we don't cut down the plants around the creek then the fish can have places to hide.

Harmonic, Dr. Phil. "Nitrate." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 10 May 2010. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate>.

This is where I got my info for nitrates!

It's me! I'm under the bridge going to test the nitrates in the creek.

This is when I was testing the nitrates in Chimacum Creek.

This is me after I finished testing the nitrates. 

                                                Water Quality Nitrates

      The water quality parameter that I used is called Nitrate sensor from Vernier. It's gray and it has a black handle, that is atatched to a black cord that has a thing at the end so it can plug in to the Lab Quest. At the top of it there's a white thing with holes in it and that has to go in to the water to get the number of nitrates in the water.

       Nitrates are 1 nitrogen and 3 oxogen or NO−

3 . Nitrate ion is with the molecular formula and polyatomic ion. Almost all of the nitrate salts that are inorganic are soluble in water at the standard temp. and pressure. A nitrate is a functional group with RONO₂ and R stands for organic residue. 

                     This is a nitrate or NO₃!    

     The way that nitrates affect the water is that it's a ingredient for fertilizer and crops need it. Also when it rains some nitrates wash in to the nearby water. When nitrates are in the water it helps algae grow, but if there's lots of nitrates in the water then there would be to much algae so the fish would die. If babies drink water that is under 1.0mg/L they would be okay.If it's over they can get baby blue syndrome. The maximum contaminant level for nitrates in water is 45 mg/L.

      The way that it's measured by milligrams per liter. The way that it affects fish is that if it saids that it's over 10mg/L then it can make it so the fish die. The way that it affects people is that if it's a baby that is 6 months or under and if the water is over 1.0mg/L then they could die. The way that it affects the vegetation is that if there's to much nitrates in the water then the algea would grow to much and the fish would die. 

      In the nitrogen cycle plants and animals can't use just plain N2 becase it  has to be mixed with a usable form. One of the things that can fix that is lightning, that makes NO₃. It enters the soil and goes into the plants through the roots.Then it becomes N*. N2 can also just enter the soil by it's self and some plants have special roots like the soybean plant. The bacteria in the roots can fix N2 to N*. Animals eat the plant so they can get nitrogen  that they can use. After that the plants die and N* goes back into the soil. then bacteria makes so it turns back in to N2.     

                                                        The Water Cycle



Precipitation:

Precipitation is rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Most of it about 80% evaporates or transpires through plants and it never even reaches lakes or streams, the rest of it it runs off the land into lakes, streams, wetlands or river or it will soak into the ground. In Wisconsin, the get about 30-32 inches of precipitation every year.

 

Ground Water:

Ground water is just water under the ground where the soil is full of water. It’s also called an aquifer, Ground water moves from high elevation to a hilltop, to places that are low land. Water moves slow and moves less than a millimeter a day.



Transpiration:

Transpiration happens when plants give off water from their leaves. this is how plants get rid of waste, just like people and animals sweat when they get really hot. then it goes into the air and it’s stored there until it becomes clouds.  





Evaporation:

Heat from the sun makes water lakes, streams, ice, and soils turn into water vapor in the air. Almost all of the water goes in the air because of evaporation. The rest of it becomes ground water.

 

Water Vapor:

Water vapor is water in a gas form that stays in the air until it changes back into water. Sometimes when it’s sticky outside in the summer, it’s water held in the air. the water turns into droplets by condensing in the air and it forms clouds. then the droplets get bigger and bigger then after they get to big precipitation does it’s thing all over again.        

                









 

 

Salmon Life Cycle

 By: Katryna B

Eggs

Decripion: The female digs a nest then lays her orange pea-sized redds or eggs. They are very fragile and can die by dirt washed or knocked into the water and hurt the redds. Needs: redds need cool, clean water to survive more trees and plants help keep the water clean. Threat: the things that can mostly kill redds are horseback riders, fishermen, livestock, wild animals, and hikers will not see them and destroy the redds

Alevin

Decripion:The alevin is about one inch in length and they still have the sac attached it cantains protein, sugar, minerals, and vitamins. alevin that leavethe gravel before the yolk sac is gone they are called button-up fry.

Needs: Alevin live on the yolk sac or lunch bag intill it's old ot hunt food on it's own.

Threats: salmon face lots of dangers throw there whole lives, like gulls, dippers, sculpins, and trout all of those animals feeds on salmon eggs and young alevin.        

Fry

Decripion: Fry mainly on zooplanton until they are big enough to eat water insects and large food.

Needs: All salmon need cool water, food to eat, wood debris to hide under, and gravel to spawn in, that is the perfect habitat for salmon.

Threats: Loss of a good habitat along streams, rivers, estuaries, and bays are dangerous to wild salmon survival.

Smolt

Decripion: when the parr begin to migrate toward the sea they will begin the smoltification process it refers to the changes that take place in salmon.

Needs: They need to have clean and clear water to get to the ocean. They have to be careful to not to get crushed and hurt by anything.

Threats: On the way to the sea parr could face many predators, dams, and pollution from cities, farms, and factories.

Sea-run adult

Decripion: Salmon will feed and grow in the sea for one to eight years and they will stay in the sea intil they are fu ll grown. the salmon will be silver colored.

Needs: When salmon are in the sea they travel hundreds or even thousands of miles trying to find food and trying to not get killed.

Threats: Some of the preditators for salmon are orcas, sea lions, and seals. Also humans eat salmon so another is fisherman. Spawner Decripions: When salmon start to go back to their birth place to spawn they don't eat but they derive energy from stored fats. The distance that salmon travel upstream to spawn changes.

Needs: They need to be able to get back to the salt water to spawn.

Threats: While salmon are going upstream they will face fishermen, fish ladders, waterfalls, and more predators.

Facts about water pollution



By: Katryna, Sophia, Kyrsten   



Codrington, Stephen. Planet Geography 3rd Edition (2005) [1]

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Obvious_water_pollution.jpeg

The picture is in Minimata Bay in Japan it's very polluted there.

What is water pollution?

Water pollution is when waste, garbage, sewage, or other disgusting things go into oceans, lakes, ponds, or rivers. Some types of water pollution are: Chemical, Groundwater, Microbiological, Nutrients, Oxygen Depleting, Surface water pollution, and Suspended Matter. Those are the 7 types of water pollution.





What are some of the consequences for water pollution? Some of the consequences are  fish and other aquatic animals are dying from water pollution. When we pollute it kills many living organisms. Water pollution is really bad the Gulf of Mexico  had an oil spill and it was one of the largest oil spills in the world!!!



What can be done to help prevent nitrates from entering our water  supply?



     Nitrate is a natural chemical compound in all the ecosystems. It’s one of the chemicals that is essential to plants and animals. The ways that high nitrates hurt people is that you can get methemoglobin or blue baby syndrome which mostly happens to babies that are under 6 months, pregnant women and adults that have reduced stomach acidity it changes the methemoglobin. What happens to babies is that they get blue in the face and could have trouble breathing. The way that nitrates get into the water is that after a storm then nitrates wash into ponds and rivers. The safe level of nitrates is no more then10 mg/l for water in wells. you should never let infants have water that has 10mg/l.this is what you can do to prevent and and get nitrates out of your water you can boil the nitrates or you can blend the nitrates out or lon-exchange it takes another substance out called chloride or reverse osmosis which forces water down to a membrane and that filters out the nitrates and you can give a lab a 4-16 ounce plastic container with your well water in it. When nitrates get to low then bacteria turns nitrates into gasses such as nitrogen, nitrous oxide,and nitrogen dioxide.   









What  are some of the sources of water pollution?

Some of the sources of water pollution are :Sewage and Waste water, Marine Dumping, Industrial Waste, Radioactive Waste,  Oil Pollution, Underground storage leakages, Atmosphere Deposition, Global Warming, Eutrophication. Sewage and waste water comes from domestic households, industrial and agricultural practices, produce waste water.

Global Warming

Global warming is where the temperature gets too hot in water that it kills living organisms. The causes for this is burning fossil fuel, letting out greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Oil pollution

Oil pollution is deadly to aquatic animals, oil pollution comes ships and dumping. One of the worst oil spills came from the oil company in the Gulf of Mexico. Basically all of the oceans are polluted every day! Oceans and their aquatic life are under the threat of oil water pollution!

Sewage and Waste Water

    Sewage from households affect the cleanliness of the waters,  such as lakes and rivers. What’s normally in waste water is laundry waste, urine, and faeces. If you don’t treat your sewage water it can affect the community using it and cause sicknesses such as diarrhoea.



Marine Dumping

    Marine Dumping is when garbage and other wastes gets dumped in to Marine habitats. It kills marine life and other living organisms that thrive on that water source.when you dump the following, cardboard, newspaper, photodegradable packaging, foam. styrofoam,

aluminum, plastic rap, or glass takes 2 weeks to unknown years to degrade.



Radioactive Waste

    Radioactive waste is when nuclear waste from industreail, medical, and scientific companies use it then dump the leftovers into aquatic environment.It kills marine life,and it affects us to.



Atmospheric Deposition

    Atmospheric Deposition is when air pollution goes into water pollution. In the atmosphere there is 3 dioxides that create a weak acid. These dioxides are water particles that mix with Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Oxides.



Eutrophication

    Eutrophication is when the environment gets fertilized with nutrients. This can be a problem in marine habitat in waters such as oceans, lakes, rivers, and ponds. It can cause algal blooms. Fertilizers are often used for farming. When fertilizers run- off into nearby water they increase nutrient levels. This creates phytoplankton and they aren’t bad but they reproduce more rapidly which turns out to become an algal bloom. This bloom of algae disrupts natrual ecosystem functioning.

Codrington, Stephen. Planet Geography 3rd Edition (2005) [1]

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Water_Pollution.JPG

This pollution is in Liesbeek River Cape Town Andrew Massyn it looks gross in that water.